Clause
Clause
Clause – Definition, Types and Uses with Examples
Read the sentences in boxes A and B.
A এবং B Box-এ লেখা বাক্যগুলি পড়ো:
|
Box A |
Box B |
|
Larger sentence |
The smallest unit of a sentence |
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I know that he is a student. |
binder-binds two clauses
[i] I know (that) [ii] he is a student ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ (Subject) (finite verb and predicate) subject finite verb predicate
|
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I will not go out if it rains heavily. |
Linker
[ii] I will not got out (if) [ii] it rains heavily ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ (Subject) (finite verb and predicate) subject finite verb predicate
|
Box-A-র larger sentence গুলিকে আমরা সহজেই ছোটো ছোটো অংশে ভাগ করে (Box-B তে যেভাবে করা হয়েছে। sentence-এর মর্যাদা দিতে পারি—কারণ প্রতি ভাগে subject, finite verb এবং predicate আছে। বড়ো বড়ো Sentence-থেকে পাওয়া এই ধরনের ছোটো ছোটো sentence (যাদের subject, predicate এবং finite verb আছে) clause বলে।
A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a finite verb forming a sentence or a part of the sentence.
Remember:
to construct sentences.
to express our thoughts in various ways.
to introduce style and freshness in our writing.
বাক্যে এক একটি finite verb কে কেন্দ্র করে এক একটি clause (খণ্ড বাক্য) গঠিত হয়।
A phrase, a clause and a sentence are distinguished thus:
CLAUSE
Before going to read the kinds of clause, we have to study about the sentence and its kinds because these sentences formulate the clauses.
Caluse-এর শ্রেণীবিভাগের আগে আমাদের জানতে হবে বাক্য এবং তার শ্রেণীবিভাগ কারণ বাক্যগুলির মাধ্যমেই clause-এর প্রকাশ ঘটে।
Kinds of Sentence
বাক্যের শ্রেণীবিভাগঃ
Simple Sentence
Look at this sentence
The old man sat under a tree.
What is the verb in the above sentence? – sat
ওপরের বাক্যটিতে verb কী?—বসা ।
What kind of verb is it? – finite
এটি কী ধরনের verb?—সমাপিকা ক্রিয়া।
Is there any other verb in the above sentence? No
বাক্যটিতে আর কোনো verb আছে কি?—না।
So the above sentence has only one finite verb. Such a sentence is called a simple sentence.
A sentence which has only one finite verb in it, it is called a simple sentence.
একটি সমাপিকা ক্রিয়া সম্পন্ন বাক্যকে সরলবাক্য বলে।
Remember
A simple sentence may have two subjects.
Example: An old man and a young man sat under a tree.
↓ ↓
Subject Subject
A simple sentence may have two objects.
Example: An old man watched the boys and girls going to school.
↓ ↓
Object Object
Complex Sentence
Now look at the sentence:
I know when he will come.
There are two finite verbs in this sentence.
সরল বাক্যের যে সংজ্ঞা তোমরা পেয়েছ তা থেকে বুঝতে পারছ যে এই বাক্যটি simple sentence নয়—কারণ এখানে finite verb-এর সংখ্যা দু‘টি। এই verb দু‘টির subject ও আলাদা—তাহলে একটি বাক্যের মধ্যেই আছে দুটি বাক্য—
(a) I know.
(b) When he will come.
ওপরের (a) বাক্যটি একটি সম্পূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশ করছে এবং সেই অর্থ প্রকাশের জন্য অন্য অপর বাক্যটির ওপর নির্ভরশীল নয়, কিন্তু (b) বাক্যটি সম্পূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশের জন্য (a) বাক্যের ওপর নির্ভরশীল। অতএব (b) বাক্যটি হল subordinate clause.
A sentence having one main clause and at least one subordinate clause is called a complex sentence.
যে বাক্যে একটি main clause এবং সম্পূর্ণ অর্থপ্রকাশের জন্য main clause-এর ওপর নির্ভরশীল একাধিক subordinate clause থাকে তাকে জটিল বাক্য বলে।
একটি উদাহরণ এর সাহায্যে complex sentence সম্পর্কে পরিষ্কার ধারণা নেওয়া যাক—
main clause
I(subject) + lost(verb) + the pen(object)
sub-clause *
which (binder) + my father (subject) + had given (verb) + me(object).
* A sub-clause helps like a servant or subordinate to add more information to the main clause.
Compound Sentence.
Now consider this sentence.
God made the country and man-made the town.
এখানে দু‘টি finite verb আছে—made এবং made এদের subject আলাদা—God and man. এটি simple sentence নয়।
(a) God made the country.
(b) And man made the town.
(a) এবং (b) উভয় বাক্যই সম্পূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশ করছে এবং কেউ কারুর ওপর নির্ভরশীল নয়। এখানে and হল coordinate conjunction (a) এবং (b) হল coordinate clause। Coordinate মানে equal (সমান) বা independent (স্বাধীন)।
A sentence having two or more main clauses is called a Compound Sentence.
যে বাক্যে দুই বা ততোধিক coordinate clause দ্বারা গঠিত তাকে বলে যৌগিক বাক্য ।
একটি উদাহরণ –এর সাহায্যে Compound sentence সম্পর্কে পরিস্কার ধারণা নেওয়া যাক :
God(subject)+ made(verb)+the country(object) and(linker)+ man(subject)+made(verb)+ the town(object).
Remember
The Simple, Complex and Compound sentences are distinguished thus:
Simple sentence: one clause, one finite verb
Compound sentence: two or more clauses of equal rank (two or more coordinate clauses)
Complex sentence: one principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses
Kinds of Clause
We have three kinds of clause:
1. Principal Clause / Main Clause
2. Subordinate Clause
3. Coordinate Clause
1. Principal Clause
A principal clause (প্রধান বাক্যাংশ) stands by itself and makes complete sense.
Principal clause একা স্বাধীনভাবে থাকতে পারে এবং পরিপূর্ণ অর্থ দিতে পারে।
The principal clause may be found either at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.
Principal clause বাক্যের প্রথমে কিংবা শেষে বসতে পারে।
Examples:
(i) Everybody knows that he is a teacher.
(at the beginning)
(ii) If you work hard you will shine in life.
(at the end of a sentence)
The principal clause is not headed by any linkers.
Principal clause-এ কোনো linker থাকে না।
Example: I shall go if you come.
(principal clause)
2. Subordinate Clause
A subordinate clause (অপ্রধান বাক্যাংশ) cannot stand by itself and cannot make a complete sense.
Subordinate clause স্বাধীনভাবে থাকতে পারে না এবং পরিপূর্ণ অর্থ দিতে পারে না।
A subordinate clause may be found at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of the sentence.
Subordinate clause বাক্যের প্রথমে, মাঝখানে কিংবা শেষেও বসতে পারে।
Examples:
(i) When he returned home, Rahim found his lost watch.
(at the beginning)
(ii) The boy who is wearing a red shirt is my brother.
(in the middle position)
(iii) We need vitamins because they give us energy.
(at the end)
A subordinate clause is headed by linkers.
এই clause এর শুরুতে সবসময় একটি linker থাকবে। ( if, who, because, as etc.)
Some important signals of subordinate clause
3. Coordinate Clause
A coordinate clause is of equal importance to the main clause and is linked by co-ordinating conjunctions like but, neither……nor, either……….or, not only……..but also, yet so, or, etc.
প্রধান clause এর সমগুরুত্বপূর্ণ clause যা সাধারানত but, neither…..nor, either………..or, not only……. but also yet, so, or, and ইতাদ্দি দ্বারা যুক্ত হয়।
Example: He is poor but he does not beg.
Kinds of Subordinate Clause
Subordinate clauses are of three kinds:
Subordiante clause তিন প্রকার:
Subordinate clauses
(i)Noun clause
(ii)Adjective clause
(iii)Adverbial clause
Subordinate Noun Clause
A noun clause does the work of a noun in a sentence.
Mark the following sentence:
নীচের বাক্যটি লক্ষ করো:
His statement is true.
↓ ↓ ↓
Subject finite verb complement
উপরের বাক্যটিতে His statement (তার বক্তব্য) কর্তা, is (হয়) বাক্যের finite verb (সমাপিকা ক্রিয়া)। His শব্দটি
pronoun (সর্বনাম) এবং statement পদটি noun (বিশেষ্য)। বাক্যটিতে is এই verbটি ছাড়া অন্য কোনো verb নেই। বাক্যটি একটি সমাপিকা ক্রিয়া বিশিষ্ট বাক্য। আমরা জানি যে sentence-এ একটি মাত্র finite verb থাকে তাকে Simple sentence
বলে।
এবার দেখ, His statement এই সমাপিকা ক্রিয়াহীন পদ দু‘টির অর্থকে অপরিবর্তিত রেখে তাকে ভেঙে একটি finite verb
এনে এভাবে লেখা যেতে পারে :
What he states is true.
↓ ↓ ↓
Subject finite verb complement
His statement (তার বক্তব্য) অংশটিতে যেহেতু finite verb নেই সেহেতু এটিকে clause বলা যাবে না। Finite verb হীন পদ দুটিকে ভেঙে লেখা হ‘ল What he states। এই অংশটিতে states—এই finite verb থাকার দরুন What he states একটি clause-এ পরিণত হয়েছে। আগের বাক্যে যেমন His statement অংশটি বাক্যের কর্তা তেমনি What he states-finite verb যুক্ত বাক্যাংশটি বা clause টিও বাক্যের কর্তা। Sentence-এর মধ্যে এটি noun হিসাবে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। সুতরাং ‘is’ verb টির subject-What he states এই clause টিও একটি Noun clause.
Like a noun, a noun clause does seven types of work. In the following examples, we have compared the five functions of a noun with that of a noun clause.
Noun-এর মতো noun clause-এরও সাতটি কাজ আছে। নীচের উদাহরণগুলিতে noun এবং noun clause-এর কাজ পাশাপাশি তুলনা করে দেখানো হলো।
NOUN CLAUSE
1. Subject to a finite verb
2. Object to a finite verb
3. Object of a preposition
4. Complement of a verb
5. In apposition to a noun or pronoun.
6. Complement to an adjective
7. In apposition to ‘it’
(1) Subject to a finite verb (সকর্মক ক্রিয়ার আগে)
Noun: The story was true.
Noun Clause: What he said was true.
was true → what? → noun/noun clause
মনে রেখোঃ Verb-এর বাঁদিকে subject থাকে আর ডানদিকে object থাকে। verb-কে ‘কী‘ বা ‘কে’ দিয়ে প্রশ্ন করলে উত্তরটি verb-এর বাঁদিক থেকে এলে subject of a verb হবে।
(2) Object to a finite verb (সকর্মক ক্রিয়ার পরে)
Noun: He tells me a story.
Noun Clause: He tells me that he will not go.
tells → what → noun/noun clause
মনে রেখোঃ Verb-এর ডানদিকে object থাকে। Verb-কে, ‘কী‘ বা ‘কাকে‘ দিয়ে প্রশ্ন করলে উত্তরটি verb-এর ডানদিক থেকে এলে object of a verb হবে।
(3) Object to a preposition
Noun: Pay attention to my story.
Noun Clause: Pay attention to what I say.
Pay attention to→ what? → noun/noun clause
মনে রেখোঃ The noun clause in the above sentence stands as the object to the preposition ‘to’. ওপরের noun clauseটি Preposition ‘to’-এর পরে বসে Preposition-এর object-র কাজ করছে।
(4) As a complement to a verb
Noun: The news was the death of his father.
Noun Clause: The news was that his father had died.
was → what? → noun/noun clause
The noun clause in the above sentence is the complement to the verb ‘was’. ওপরের noun clauseটি verb ‘is’-এর পরে বসে complement to a verb অর্থাৎ verb-এর পরিপূরকের কাজ করছে।
মনে রেখোঃ Be verb (am/is/are/was/were/shall be/will be) become, look, appear a verb principal verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হলেও sentence-কে complete করতে পারে না। তখন কতকগুলি word এসে sentence-কে complete করে Example: Mr. Sumit Roy became a doctor.
(5) In apposition (equal) to a noun or pronoun.
Noun এবং pronoun-এর সমার্থক শব্দ
Noun: The news that his uncle died in an accident is true.
Noun Clause: That his uncle died in an accident is true.
News → what? → noun/noun clause
মনে রেখোঃ একটি noun-এর বদলে যদি একটি clause বসে সেই noun clause-কে apposition to a noun বলে। (Apposition means ‘placing near.’)
এই ধরনের clause গুলিতে সাধারণত noun হিসাবে report/news/belief idea/notion/ fact ইত্যাদি ব্যবহৃত হয়।
(6) Complement to an adjective
Example: I am sure that he will win the prize.
In the above sentence ‘that he will win the prize’ is used as a complement to the adjective ‘sure’.
(7) In apposition to ‘it’
Example: Ensure it that you come tomorrow.
Some tips to the Learners (শিক্ষার্থীদের জন্য প্রয়োজনীয় কিছু পরামর্শ)
How to mark a sentence having a noun clause?
It is very simple. One of the ways is to begin a sentence like this:
He says that………..
That-র পরে clauseটি একটি noun clause হবে।
শুধু ‘say’ নয় নিম্নলিখিত verb-এর পর সাধারণত noun clause হয়।
A noun clause is generally introduced ( সাধারণত noun clause শুরু হয় )
(i) By the conjunctions: that, if, whether.
(ii) By the relative pronouns: what, who, which.
iii) By the relative adverbs: where, when, why.
The following simple sentences are joined with noun clauses in the following ways:
Subordinate adjective or Relative clause
An adjective clause does the work of an adjective. It can modify any noun or pronoun in a sentence and is placed nearest to the word it qualifies.
যে খণ্ডবাক্য adjective-এর মতো কাজ করে তাকে adjective clause বলে।
Read the following sentences:
1. The boy wearing a white shirt is my friend.
2. The boy who is wearing a white shirt is my friend.
In both these sentences, the words in bold letters, describe the noun boy. So they are functioning as an adjective.
ওপরের বাক্য দুটিতে মোটা হরফে ছাপা শব্দগুলি boy এই nounকে বর্ণনা করছে। এই শব্দগুলি adjective-এর মতো কাজ করছে। In sentence 1, ‘wearing a white shirt’ does not have a finite verb in it, so it is adjective phrase.
1নং বাক্যে wearing a white shirt-এর কোনো finite verb নেই—তাই এটি একটি adjective phrase.
In sentence 2, ‘who is wearing a white shirt’ has a subject-who, and a finite verb is wearing.
So these words form an adjective clause.
2 নং বাক্যে ‘Who – subject এবং is wearing finite verb আছে—এই কারণে এই শব্দগুলি adjective clause
Let us take more examples:
3. We need a teacher with ten years of teaching experience.
4. We need a teacher who has ten years of teaching experience.
In sentence 3, with ten years’ experience is an adjective phrase.
In sentence 4, who has ten years’ teaching experience is an adjective clause.
More about adjective clause
An adjective clause describes a noun. It usually answers the question: Which one?
As for example, in sentence 2, it answers the question: Which boy?-the answer- who is wearing a white shirt.
In sentence 4, it answers the question: Which teacher?-the answer-Who has ten years of teaching experience?
Adjective clause noun-এর গুণ প্রকাশ করে অথবা noun সম্পর্কে অতিরিক্ত তথ্য সরবরাহ করে। 2নং বাক্যে কোন বালকটি? উত্তর আসবে যে বালকটি সাদা জামা পরেছে। 4নং বাক্যে কোন্ শিক্ষক? উত্তর আসবে—যে শিক্ষকের ১০ বছরের শিক্ষকতার অভিজ্ঞতা আছে।
Relative clause: Position in a sentence
The relative clause, as a rule, is placed just after the antecedent which it qualifies or identifies in the principal clause, as:
Adjective clause যে noun বা pronoun antecedent কে qualify বা identify করে তার ঠিক পরে বসে।
Adjective clause ঠিক antecedent-এর পাশে বসে ; এদের মাঝখানে কোনো word বসবে না।
This is the boy who brought me the letter.
He died in the village where he was born.
The words in red color in the above sentences are antecedents of the adjective
clauses.
এখানে boy এবং village হলো antecedents। এরা Adjective clause-এর ঠিক আগে বসেছে।
Connectives of the adjective clause
An adjective clause is usually introduced by the words ‘who’, ‘whose’, ‘whom’, ‘which’, that’, ‘how’, ‘where’, ‘when’ etc.
Mark the following table:
Special use of “That’
That can normally be used in place of both who and which. But there are special cases where we have to use that.
That-এর বিশেষ ব্যবহার :
(i) We use ‘that’ after adjective in the superlative degree:
আমরা adjective-এর superlative degree-র পর that বসাই।
Example: This is the dullest book that I have ever read.
(ii) We use that after the words ‘all’, ‘any’, ‘anything’, ‘none’ ‘nothing’, ‘everything’ etc.
কতকগুলি শব্দের পর যেমন -‘all’, ‘any’, ‘anything’, ‘nothing’, ‘everything’, ‘any’ আমরা that ব্যবহার করি। Examples: Our headmaster disapproved of everything that we did.
I was sorry for all that I did to disturb you.
(iii) That is used when we refer to both a person or a thing:
ব্যক্তি বা বস্তু উভয় ক্ষেত্রেই that বসে।
Example: The man and the car that were shown on the T.V. screen revealed the identity of the fugitive.
Noun Clause এবং Adjective Clause-এর পার্থক্যঃ
Defining and non-defining Relative Clauses
Relative Clause is of two kinds:
Relative Clause দু‘ প্রকার (i) defining and (i) non-defining
Let us compare the defining and non-defining relative clauses in the following examples to
পরিষ্কার ধারণার জন্য defining and non-defining clause-এর তুলনা লক্ষ করো :
In Table I, the two relative clauses ‘who has stolen my book’ ‘the hotel which Amrita had recommended’ tell us which ‘boy’ and which ‘hotel’ respectively. Actually, these two relative clauses identify their antecedent-the boy’ and the ‘hotel’. This type of relative clause is called defining clause.
1নং টেবিলে ‘who has stolen my book’ এবং ‘which hotel Amrita had recommended’–এই দু‘টি relative clause স্পষ্টতই ‘boy’ এবং ‘hotel’ কে define বা চিহ্নিত করছে। কোন্ ছেলেটি এবং কোন্ হোটেল এই প্রশ্ন করলেই এই clause দু‘টি আসছে। এই ধরনের clause-কেই defining clause বলে। এই defining clause-কে বাদ দিলে antecedent-এর অর্থ বা পরিচয় অসম্পূর্ণ থাকবে।
A defining clause is a subordinate clause used to define (= identify) its antecedent.
In Table 2, the two relative clauses do not tell us which person or thing the speaker means. We already know which person or thing is meant: Kunal, Holiday Home. These relative clauses give us extra information about some person or thing. This type of relative clause is called a non-defining clause.
2নং টেবিলে relative clause গুলি তার পূর্ববর্তী antecedent কে define বা describe অর্থাৎ চিহ্নিত করছে না, বরং আরও বাড়তি তথ্য (extra information) দিচ্ছে। এই জন্য এই clause দু‘টিতে sentence-এর বাকি অংশ থেকে পৃথক করা হয়েছে একটি কমা (,) দিয়ে। এই ধরনের clause কে non-defining clause বলে।
There are three important things to remember about defining and non-defining clauses:
Defining এবং non-defining clause-এর ক্ষেত্রে তিনটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ জিনিস মনে রাখতে হবে।
1. We do not use commas (,) with defining clauses.
আমরা defining clause-এর ক্ষেত্রে কমা (,) বসাই না।
I know the boy who can speak English fluently.
Rinku got back the pen which she lost last day.
But we use commas (,) with non-defining clauses: কিন্তু non-defining clause-এর ক্ষেত্রে কমা (,) বসে।
Meet my friend Kunal, who can speak English fluently.
Rinku got back the pen, which she lost last day.
2. In defining clauses, we use ‘that’ in place of ‘who/which’.
We are looking for someone who/that holds an M.A. degree.
We will stay at a hotel which/that serves only vegetarian food.
But in non-defining clauses, we cannot use ‘that’.
Non defining clause-এর ক্ষেত্রে আমরা ‘that’ ব্যবহার করি না।
Ashim, who (and not that) holds an M.A degree, is teaching in a school.
We will stay at the Konarak Hotel, which (and not that) serves only vegetarian food.
3. In defining clauses, we can leave out who/which/that when it is the object:
We need someone (whom) we can trust.
The hotel (which) you recommended served only vegetarian food.
[In these sentences we can leave out whom/which]
In non-defining clauses, we cannot leave out who/which:
We have employed Anjan, whom we can trust.
[We cannot write: we have employed, we can trust]
The View Hotel, which you recommended served only vegetarian food.
[We cannot write: The View Hotel, you recommended,………….]
The following simple sentences are joined with the Relative Clauses in the following ways:
নিম্নলিখিত বিভিন্নভাবে simple sentence গুলিকে Relative Clause দ্বারা সংযুক্ত করা হয়।
The Adverb Clause
An Adverb Clause does the work of an adverb. It modifies the meaning of (or says something more about) a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
Adverb Clause adverb-এর মতো কাজ করে এবং প্রধান বাক্যের কোনো না কোনো verb, adjective বা অন্য adverbকে বিশেষিত করে।
Read the following sentences: নীচের বাক্যগুলির পড়ো:
(i) Raju returned home from school late.
(ii) Raju returned home from school in the evening.
(iii) Raju returned home from school when evening came.
(i)নং sentence-এ late wordটি Adverb.
(ii)নং sentence-এ in the evening word গুলি Adverb Phrase.
(iii)নং sentence-এ when evening came এই শব্দগুলি Adverbial Clause.
In sentence III, the group of words in colour, when evening came is not an adverb phrase. It has a subject (evening) and a predicate (came). So it is a clause and since it does the work of an adverb; it is called an adverb clause.
তৃতীয় বাক্যে রঙিন অক্ষরে লেখাটি (when evening came) adverb phrase নয়।—কারণ এর subject (evening) and a predicate (came) আছে। এটি একটি clause এবং adverb-এর মতো কাজ করছে তাই এটি adverb clause একটি সাধারণ adverb বাক্যে যা যা কাজ করে একটি adverbial clause-ও বাক্যে সেই সমস্ত দায়িত্ব পালন করে। Adverb clause কোনো ঘটনার বা ক্রিয়ার সময়, স্থান, কারণ, তুলনা, পার্থক্য বা বৈপরীত্য, শর্ত ও উদ্দেশ্য নির্ধারণ করে।
Look at the table below: নীচে টেবিলটি দেখোঃ
|
Phrase |
Clause |
|
gold ring. |
It is a ring that is made of gold. |
|
a strap of leather. |
It is a strap which is made of leather. |
|
A Phrase |
A Clause |
A sentence |
|
1. A group of words. |
1. A group of words. |
1. A group of words. |
|
2. No finite verb,may have a subject. |
2.Has a subject and a predicate. |
2.Has a subject and a predicate. |
|
3. Has no complete meaning. |
3. Has a meaning of its own. |
3. Expresses a complete thought. |
|
4. To obtain a definite meaning it should be fitted in a sentence. |
4. Forms a part of a larger sentence. |
|
|
if |
so long as |
as soon as |
|
till |
as though |
as far as |
|
as |
Since |
because |
|
like |
in order that |
before |
|
so that |
unless |
in so far as |
|
although |
Until |
as if |
|
though |
Whereas |
by the time |
|
even |
even if |
wh-words |
|
Joining by coordinating conjunctions |
Compound sentences |
|
and (সংযোজক) |
I went there and found him playing. |
|
but (বিপরীতার্থক) |
My friend is fat but he looks attractive. |
|
or (বিকল্পসূচক) |
Do or die. |
|
so (সুতরাং) |
It is time to go, so let us start. |
|
neither…..nor (এটিও না….ওটিও না) |
He neither accepted nor rejected the proposal. |
|
either……..or (হয় এটি…….. নয় ওটি) |
He is either mad or he has become a criminal. |
|
not only……..but also ( শুধু এটা নয় ওটাও) |
He is not only a knave but also a fool. |
|
yet (তথাপি) |
He is weak, yet he is working hard. |
|
Pairs of sentences |
Sentences with noun clause |
|
[i] It will rain today. We think so. |
We think that it will rain today. |
|
[ii] Our team will win the match. I hope so. |
I hope that our team will win the match. |
|
[iii] We are all Indians. We must never forget this. |
We must never forget that we are all Indians |
|
[iv] Two and two make four. Everybody knows it. |
Everybody knows that two and two make four. |
|
[v] My friend was unable to come. He told me so. |
He told me that my friend was unable to come. |
|
[vi] Charity begins at home. Who will deny it ? |
Who will deny that charity begins at home. |
|
[vii] I did something. My father was pleased with it. |
My father was pleased with what ai did. |
|
[viii] He writes something. There is nothing real in it. |
There is nothing real in what he writes |
|
|
living beings |
non-living things and animals |
living beings and non -living things and animals |
Examples |
|
As subject |
who |
which |
That |
(i)This is the boy who has won the prize.
(ii)This is the pencil which is lost.
(iii)This is the novel that I have read.
(iv)He is the most cruel person that I have ever met.
|
|
As object |
whom |
which |
x |
(i)I know the man whom he spoke about.
(ii)The pen which I bought yesterday is red.
|
|
Possessive |
whose |
of which |
x |
(i) Raj whose brother is in London is my friend. (ii) The coat of which buttons are missing has been stolen.
|
|
Noun Clause |
Adjective Clause |
|
I know who did it. মনে রেখো who/where/which-এর আগে antecedent না থাকলে Noun clause. |
I Know the boy who did it. মনে রেখো who/where/which-এর আগে antecedent থাকলে Adjective clause. |
|
Table-1 |
Table-2 |
|
I am looking for the boy who has stolen my book. |
I am looking for Kunal, who has stolen my book. |
|
We stayed at the hotel which Amrita had recommended. |
We stayed at Holiday Home, which Amrita had recommended. |
|
Pairs of sentences |
Relative Clauses |
|
(i) The boy has won the first prize. |
(i) The boy who lives next door has won the first prize. |
|
(ii)The flowers are not for sale. |
(ii) The flowers which grow in our garden are not for sale. |
|
(iii) I want the dictionary. |
(iii) I want the dictionary that has a red cover. |
|
(iv) I shall take my sister to the exhibition. The exhibition is held at the pavilion ground. |
(iv) I shall take my sister to the exhibition which is held at the pavilion ground. |
|
(v) It is a farewell party for Mr. Roy. |
(v) It is a farewell party for Mr. Roy. who will retire from service on the 10th of August. |
|
(vi)The young man played the role of Othello. |
(vi) The young man who played the role of Othello is a promising actor. |
|
(vii)This is the place. |
(vii) This is the place where I was born. |
|
(viii)He is a gentleman. |
(viii) He is a gentleman whom we all respect. |
|
(ix) Mr. Sengupta is a doctor. |
(ix) Mr. Sengupta is a doctor who always treats his patients. |
|
(x) The letter is written in French. |
(x) I could not read the letter that is written in French. |
|
(xi) Mr. Mitra lives in a nice flat. |
(xi) Mr. Mitra lives in a nice flat which is at Ballygunge. |
|
(xii) I have some work. |
(xii) I have some work which I must do. |
|
Name |
Function |
Introduced By |
Sentence |
|
|
Principal Clause |
Adverbial Clause |
|||
|
Adverbial |
সময় নিদেশ করে Principal clause যে tense-এ থাকে clause of time ও সেই tense-এ হবে অর্থাৎ Principal clause present tense-এ থাকলে clause of time present tense, principal clause past tense হলে time clause ও past tense হবে। |
when, while, after, before, as soon as, till. |
(i) Don’t talk (ii) Strike the iron (iii) He learned |
(i) while I am writing. |
|
Adverbial clause of place |
স্থান নির্দেশ করে |
where, whence (সেখান থেকে) wherever মনে রেখোঃ Main clause এর finite verb কে where দিয়ে প্রশ্ন করলে উত্তরে adverbial clause of place পাওয়া যায়। |
(i) I will go (ii) Put It (iii) Stay |
(i) where you tell (ii) wherever you like (iii) where you are. |
|
Adverbial clause of cause or reason |
কারণ বা উদ্দেশ্য নির্দেশ করে |
because, as, since, that. মনে রেখোঃ Main clause-এর finite verb-কে why দিয়ে প্রশ্ন করলে adverbial clause of cause/reason পাওয়া যায়। |
(i) He was absent |
(i) because he was ill. |
|
Adverbial clause of condition |
শর্ত আরোপ করে Conditional clause এ future tense ব্যবহৃত হয় না, main clause অবশ্য প্রয়োজন–অনুযায়ী future tense হতে পারে। |
if, unless etc. |
মনে রেখো : Conditional clause দিয়ে বাক্য শুরু হলে clause-এর শেষে অবশ্যই একটি কমা (,) দিয়ে |
|
|
Adverbial clause of purpose |
উদ্দেশ্য বোঝায় |
that, so that, in order that, (এই উদ্দেশ্যে) lest (পাছে) etc. |
(i) We read |
that we may learn. |
|
Adverbial clause of comparison |
তুলনা বোঝায় |
than, |
(i) He is stronger |
(i) than he looks. |
|
Adverbial clause of supposition/ |
অনুমান সূচক |
though, although, even, if (এমনকি, যদিও) |
(i) He is honest |
(i) though (he is) poor. |
বোঝার সুবিধার জন্য main clause গুলিকে বাক্যের প্রথমে আনা হয়েছে এবং sub-ordinate adverb clause গুলিকে বাক্যের শেষে রাখা হয়েছে। এইগুলিকে বাক্যের প্রথমে রাখা যায়।
Tips to Learners শিক্ষার্থীদের জন্য কৌশল
Here are examples of eight different types of adverb clauses. They help to identify the kinds of adverb clauses.
এখানে তোমাদের মনে রাখার সুবিধার জন্য ছড়ার সাহায্যে আট প্রকার adverb clause-এর ব্যবহার দেখানো হল। এইগুলি adverb-clause-এর প্রকারভেদ নির্ণয় করতে সাহায্য করবে।
The following sentences are joined with the adverbial clauses in the following ways: নিম্নলিখিতভাবে simple sentence গুলিকে adverbial clause দ্বারা সংযুক্ত করা যায়ঃ
Uses of Some Clauses
That she is ill is known to us.
Principal clause এর finite verb কে কী বা কাকে দিয়ে প্রশ্নের উত্তরটি বাঁদিক থেকে এলে subject of a verb.
I know that he is a good boy.
Principal clause- এর finite verb কে কী বা কাকে দিয়ে প্রশ্নের উত্তরটি ডানদিক থেকে এলে object of a verb.
I know the boy who is a good boy.
Adjective clause-এর ক্ষেত্রে relative pronoun এবং antecdent পাশাপাশি বসবে এদের মধ্যে কোনো word আসবে না ।
.
Examples
[i] I want the dictionary.
The dictionary has a green cover.
Ans: I want a dictionary that has a green cover.
[ii] The school remained closed.
The boy did not know it.
Ans: The boy did not know that the school remained closed.
[iii] This is a cat. It ate the rat.
Ans: This is the cat that ate the rat.
[iv] He wondered.
He had not heard her footsteps.
Ans: He wondered that he had not heard her footsteps.
[v] He will come to our house tomorrow.
He told me this.
Ans: He told me that he would come to our house tomorrow.
If Clause
Adverbial Clause
Condition বা শর্ত বোঝাতেঃ
Examples
[i] Read attentively.
You will score high marks.
Ans: If you read attentively, you will score high marks.
[ii] You do not buy a ticket.
You cannot travel by train.
Ans: If you do not buy a ticket, you I cannot travel by train.
[iii] Do you have a poor eyesight?
Go to an eye specialist.
Ans: If you have a poor eyesight, go to an eye specialist.
[iv] We want to keep the environment pure.
We must plant the trees.
Ans: If we want to keep the environment pure, we must plant trees.
[v] He may not come.
I will not go out then.
Ans: If he does not come, I will not go out.
[vi] You do not take care of your health.
You may fall ill.
Ans: If you do not take care of your health, you may fall ill.
[vii] He may have got a bad cough.
He should take cough syrup.
Ans: If he has got a bad cough, he should take cough syrup.
Who/Which Clause
Who/Which
Join each of the following pairs of sentences using who/which as applicable.
Examples
[i] We are strangers here.
We seek your protection.
Ans: We, who are strangers here, seek your protection.
[ii] The flowers are not for sale.
These flowers grow in our garden.
Ans: The flowers which have grown in our garden are not for sale.
[iii] I have many friends.
They will support me.
Ans: I have many friends who will support me.
[iv] The Brahmin freed the tiger. The tiger killed the Brahmin.
Ans: The Brahmin freed the tiger which killed him.
[v] A conductor gave me the ticket.
I do not know the conductor.
Ans: I do not know the conductor who gave me a ticket.
Unless
(Adverbial Clause)
Condition বা শর্ত বোঝাবেঃ
এই ধরনের clause of condition ব্যবহার করার সময় নিম্নলিখিত বিষয়গুলি মনে রাখবে :
|
Pair of Sentences |
Adverbial Clauses |
|
[i] He was playing. The teacher came. |
[i] When the teacher came he was (when) playing. |
|
[ii] You are ill. You should not go out. |
[ii] You should not go out because you (because) are ill. |
|
[iii] His father has rebuked him. Rounak looks sad. (because) |
[iii] Rounak looks sad because his father has rebuked him. |
|
[iv] You come. I shall go. (when) |
[iv] I shall go when you come. |
|
[v] It is raining. I shall not go to the (because) |
[v] I shall not go to the market because market it is raining. |
|
[vi] You are young. Work hard. |
[vi] Work hard while you are young. |
|
[vii] He was rich. He was not happy. |
[vii] Though he was rich he was not (though) happy. |
|
[viii] Rina could not attend the marriage ceremony. She was ill. (as) |
[viii] Rina could not attend the marriage ceremony as she was ill. |
|
[ix] Police arrested the thief. The thief stole the watch. (Because) |
[ix] Police arrested the thief because he stole the watch. |
|
[x] He was rich. He was not happy. (though) |
[x] Though he was rich he was not happy. |
|
[xi] I may be late. Don’t wait for me. (if) |
[xi] Don’t wait for me if I am late. |
|
[xii] Don’t talk. He is reading. (while) |
[xii] Don’t talk while he is reading. |
|
[xiii] Raktim has a car. (although) Yet he goes to school on foot. |
[xiii] Raktim goes to school on foot although he has a car. |
|
Who Clause ব্যক্তির ক্ষেত্রে |
Which ব্যক্তি বাদে অন্য ক্ষেত্রে |
|
This is the boy who has done it. |
This is the pen which I lost. |
|
I know the girl who sings a sweet song. |
This is the house which my father bought last year. |
Though/Although Clause
Adverbial Clause of Contrast (বৈপরীত্য)
Contrast নির্দেশ করে এমন Adverbial Clause-এর ব্যবহার লক্ষ করো:
Although the boy was a good student, his performance in games was poor.
Though I am poor, I am happy.
Although it is raining, I must go out.
We saved nothing from the earthquake though we tried hard.
সুস্থ ও স্বাভাবিক পরিস্থিতি হলে as clause কিন্তু বৈপরীত্য বোঝাতে Although/though clause হবে। যেমন : একজন বন্ধু সাহায্য করবে এটাই স্বাভাবিক, সে ক্ষেত্রে as clause হবে আবার বন্ধু যখন সাহায্য না করে অস্বাভাবিক বা বিপরীত পরিস্থিতির সৃষ্টি করবে সেখানে Although বা though হবে।
নিচের উদাহরণ দু‘টি লক্ষ করো :
As he is my friend he helps me. (স্বাভাবিক)
Although he is my friend he does not help me. (অস্বাভাবিক পরিস্থিতি)
|
If Clause |
Unless Clause |
|
[i] If we do not read hard, we will fail. |
[i] Unless we read hard, we will fail. |
|
[ii]If he does not come, I will not go out. |
[ii] Unless he comes, I will not go out. |
|
[iii]If the rooms are not cleaned regularly, diseases may break out. |
[iii] Unless the rooms are cleaned regularly, diseases may break out. |
|
[iv] If you do not hurry up, you will be late for the meeting. |
[iv] Unless you hurry up, you will be late for the meeting. |
|
[v] If we do not fall ill, we do not go the doctor. |
[v] Unless we fall ill, we do not go to the doctor. |
